Assembled c. 1100–1150 | Attributed to the School of Anselm of Laon (d. 1117) and Associates Latin Text from Patrologia Latina (PL) vols. 113–114, ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris, 1852)
The Glossa Ordinaria (“Ordinary Gloss”) was the standard biblical commentary of the medieval Western Church, compiled chiefly at the cathedral school of Laon under Anselm of Laon and his brother Ralph. It drew overwhelmingly from the Church Fathers — Augustine, Jerome, Gregory the Great, Bede, Rabanus, Origen, and others — weaving their words into a continuous marginal and interlinear commentary on every book of Scripture. Because it was the authoritative biblical reference used by scholastics, preachers, and canonists throughout the High Middle Ages, its treatment of the Jews carried extraordinary weight in shaping Catholic theological attitudes. The selections below are drawn from the verified Latin text as preserved in PL 113–114 and digitized on Wikisource (la.wikisource.org), organized thematically. All Latin is followed by an English translation.
I. DEICIDE — The Jews as Killers of Christ
On Mark 1:34 — Demons Know What the Jews Did Not
Glossa on the Gospel of Mark, Chapter 1 (PL 114.0184B)
Latin:
“Daemonia ergo Christum esse sciunt et Filium Dei … unde Paulus: Nemo principum hujus saeculi cognovit. Si enim cognovissent, nunquam Dominum gloriae crucifixissent (I Cor. II).”
English:
“Therefore the demons know that Christ is the Son of God … whence Paul says: None of the rulers of this age knew Him; for if they had known Him, they would never have crucified the Lord of glory (1 Cor. 2).”
Source: Evangelium secundum Marcum (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Ephesians 5:2 — The Unjust Killing of the Just
Glossa on the Epistle to the Ephesians, Chapter 5 (PL 114)
Latin:
“Non ergo peccaverunt qui illum crucifixerunt? Sed non est ita, quia injuste justum occiderunt: qui Patris et sua voluntate oblatus est. Sicut et Judas, quid habet nisi peccatum in tradendo Christum? nisi tamen se traderet Christus, non eum traderet Judas. Tradidit Judas Christum, tradidit se Christus. Sed ille agebat negotium suae venditionis, iste nostrae redemptionis. Ideo ille impie deliquit, hic misericorditer egit.”
English:
“Did those who crucified Him therefore not sin? But it is not so, for they unjustly killed the Just One, who was offered up by the will of both the Father and Himself. Just as Judas had nothing but sin in betraying Christ — yet if Christ had not delivered Himself, Judas would not have betrayed Him. Judas betrayed Christ; Christ delivered Himself. But the former acted for the sake of his own sale, the latter for the sake of our redemption. Therefore the former sinned impiously; the latter acted mercifully.”
Source: Epistola ad Ephesios (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Proverbs 1:20–21 — Christ Recalls to Jews the Guilt of His Murder
Glossa on the Book of Proverbs, Chapter 1 (PL 113.1082A)
Latin:
“Hucusque persecutiones, quas Christo Judaei intulere; hinc ea, quae per apostolos persecutoribus eisdem post passionem loquitur… In capite turbarum clamitat, etc. (RAB.) Quia etiam principibus, qui ei praevaluisse, ut crucifigeretur, videbantur, reatum homicidii, quod perpetrarant, palam reducebat ad memoriam, eosque ad poenitentiae remedium vocabat.”
English:
“Up to this point [the text speaks of] the persecutions which the Jews inflicted upon Christ; from here it speaks through the apostles to those same persecutors after His passion … He cries out at the head of the multitudes, etc. (Rabanus:) Because even to the leaders who had seemed to prevail in having Him crucified, He publicly brought back to memory the guilt of the murder they had committed, and called them to the remedy of repentance.”
Source: Liber Proverbiorum (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On the Expositio — Pharisees and Sadducees as Patricides
Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (PL 114.0868C)
Latin:
“Et dixit eis progenies viperarum: idem venenum in lingua tantum est, nam patricida et matricidae viperam: Pharisaei, Saducaei simulant qui matrem suam synagogem, et Patres et Prophetas occiderunt.”
English:
“And He said to them, brood of vipers: the same venom resides in the tongue alone, for the viper is the murderer of father and mother: the Pharisees and Sadducees pretend [piety], who killed their own mother the synagogue, and [killed] the Fathers and the Prophets.”
Source: Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
II. JEWISH SPIRITUAL BLINDNESS
On Job 5:14 — The Jews Who Saw Miracles Yet Were Blinded
Glossa on the Book of Job, Chapter 5 (PL 113.0769C)
Latin:
“Per diem incurrent tenebras. Quia in ipsa veritatis praesentia, perfidiae errore caecati sunt, videntes miracula Christi et de ejus deitate dubitantes. ‘Quasi in nocte.‘ Palpando quaerimus quae oculis non videmus: Judaei miracula viderant, et adhuc quasi palpantes quaerebant: ‘Si tu es Christus, dic nobis palam (Joan. X).’ Sed horum manibus diu retineri non potuit Christus.”
English:
“In broad daylight they run into darkness. Because in the very presence of Truth, blinded by the error of their unbelief, they saw the miracles of Christ yet doubted His divinity. ‘As in the night.’ We grope for what we cannot see with our eyes: the Jews had seen the miracles, yet still groped as in the dark, saying: ‘If you are the Christ, tell us plainly (John 10).’ But Christ could not long be held in their hands.”
Source: Liber Job (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Exodus 4:6–7 — The Hand of the Jewish People, Leprous and Excluded
Glossa on Exodus, Chapter 4 (PL 113.0194C)
Latin:
“Ipsa enim haereditas Dei, id est populus, foras ab eo missus factus est immundus. Unde Psal. LXXIII: Ut quid avertis manum tuam et dexteram tuam, etc. Sed revocata est manus in sinum, et reversa est ad colorem suum: sic plebs Judaica, alienata a sinu Dei, foras immunda remansit; sed revocata, redibit ad pristinum colorem, cum agnoverit Salvatorem. Caecitas enim ex parte contigit in Israel (Rom. XI).”
English:
“For the very inheritance of God — that is, the people — sent outside [His bosom], became unclean. Hence Psalm 73: ‘Why do you withdraw your hand, your right hand?’ etc. But the hand was brought back to the bosom and returned to its [former] colour: thus the Jewish people, estranged from the bosom of God, remained unclean outside; but when called back, it will return to its former colour, when it shall have acknowledged the Saviour. For blindness in part has happened to Israel (Rom. 11).”
Source: Liber Exodus (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Exodus 3:2 — The Burning Bush as Jewish Sin
Glossa on Exodus, Chapter 3 (PL 113.0191B)
Latin:
“Rubus, spinae peccatorum Judaeorum: flamma in rubo, verbum Dei, id est lex data illi populo. Sed et flamma rubum non comburit, quia lex data peccata eorum non consumit.“
English:
“The thornbush [represents] the thorns of Jewish sins; the flame in the thornbush [represents] the word of God, that is, the Law given to that people. But the flame does not burn up the thornbush, because the Law given did not consume their sins.“
Source: Liber Exodus (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Psalm 3:5 — The Incarnation Was Silence to the Jews
Glossa on the Psalms (PL 113.0852)
Latin:
“Mysterium incarnationis, silentium fuit Judaeis: ut David a filio, ita Christus a populo, quem nutrierat, persecutionem sustinuit.”
English:
“The mystery of the Incarnation was silence to the Jews: as David [suffered] from his son, so Christ endured persecution from the very people He had nourished.”
Source: Liber Psalmorum (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Apocalypse 8:7 — The Blindness of the Jews, Turned Against Them
Glossa on the Apocalypse, Chapter 8 (PL 114.0725D)
Latin:
“Et primus angelus. Ordine narrationis, vel quia haec caecitas Judaeorum prius contigit praedicantibus apostolis. Et facta est grando. Id est praedicatio aliis suavis, visa est eis condensa et gravis. In terram. Judaei sunt tanquam terra exculti per legem et prophetas. Arborum. Per arbores intelliguntur majores Judaei; qui in lege sine querela conversabantur. Judaeis enim excaecatis, apostoli sunt ad gentes conversi.”
English:
“And the first angel. In the order of the narration, or because this blindness of the Jews came first, when the apostles were preaching. And hail was made. That is, the preaching [that was] sweet to others seemed dense and heavy to them. Upon the earth. The Jews are like the earth, tilled by the Law and the prophets. Upon the trees. By trees are understood the greater Jews, who had lived blamelessly in the Law. For with the Jews blinded, the apostles turned to the Gentiles.”
Source: Apocalypsis B. Joannis (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Proverbs 23:29 — The Jews as Children of the Devil
Glossa on the Book of Proverbs, Chapter 23 (PL 113.1107A)
Latin:
“Cui vae, cujus. Quaerit disputando, etc., usque ad de quo Judaeis: Vos ex patre diabolo estis (Joan. VIII).”
English:
“To whom woe? to whom distress? [The text] queries this in dialogue, etc., up to [the point where it applies this] to the Jews: ‘You are of your father the devil’ (John 8).”
Source: Liber Proverbiorum (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
III. SUPERSESSIONISM — The Church Replacing Israel
On the Parable of the Two Sons — Jews Refused, Gentiles Obeyed
Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (PL 114.0885A)
Latin:
“Homo qui habebat duos filios: homo Christus est, duos filios, Judaeos et gentes: quis ex eis fecit voluntatem patris? qui dixit Eo et non fecit, ostendit Judaeos; et qui dixit Non eo et fecit, ostendit populum gentium qui fecit per confessionem fidei.”
English:
“A man who had two sons: the man is Christ; the two sons are the Jews and the Gentiles. Which of them did the will of the Father? He who said ‘I will go’ and did not, represents the Jews; and he who said ‘I will not go’ and did, represents the people of the Gentiles, who obeyed through the profession of faith.”
Source: Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On the Parable of the Wicked Tenants — The Vineyard Taken from the Jews
Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (PL 114.0885)
Latin:
“Paterfamilias plantavit vineam: Homo Deus Pater est. Vinea synagoga, spe circumdedit, id est custodia angelorum. Torcular, id est templum martyrium, turrem in medio ostendit doctrinam legis: agricola doctores sunt. Cum autem tempus fructi appropinquasset, id est adventus Christi, servi missi prophetae sunt; quem primum occiderunt, est Jeremias et Isaias quem lapidaverunt… Ejecerunt eum extra vineam, id est Jerusalem, in montem Calvariae.“
English:
“The householder planted a vineyard: the man is God the Father. The vineyard is the synagogue, fenced with hope, that is, with the guardianship of angels. The winepress — that is, the martyrium of the temple — shows in the tower the teaching of the Law; the farmers are the teachers. But when the time of the harvest drew near — that is, the coming of Christ — the servants sent are the prophets; the first whom they killed is Jeremiah, and Isaiah whom they stoned… They cast him out of the vineyard — that is, out of Jerusalem — onto the mount of Calvary.“
Source: Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On the Mustard Seed — Christ Rejected by the Jews
Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (PL 114.0880C)
Latin:
“Minimum omnibus seminibus: Significat Christum, refutatum a Judaeis.“
English:
“The least of all seeds: it signifies Christ, rejected by the Jews.“
Source: Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On the Withered Fig Tree — The Synagogue Without Repentance
Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (PL 114.0884–885)
Latin:
“Nihil invenit in ea, nisi folia, id est sustitutionem Judaeorum, et doctrinam paternarum: Arefacta ficulnea, ostendit synagogam sine poenitentia.“
English:
“He found nothing in it but leaves — that is, the vain show [or ‘substitution’] of the Jews and the doctrine of their forefathers: the withered fig tree shows forth the synagogue without repentance.“
Source: Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Jeremiah 17:3 — The Treasures Taken from the Jews and Given to the Church
Glossa on the Prophecy of Jeremiah, Chapter 17 (PL 114.0032A)
Latin:
“Hos thesauros abstulit Deus Judaeis, et dedit nobis: unde, Auferetur a vobis regnum Dei, et dabitur genti facienti fructus ejus (Matth. XXI).”
English:
“God took these treasures away from the Jews and gave them to us: whence, The kingdom of God shall be taken away from you and given to a nation that bears its fruits (Matt. 21).”
Source: Prophetia Jeremiae (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Numbers 2:25 — The Gentiles Fill the Place Vacated by the Rejected Jews
Glossa on the Book of Numbers, Chapter 2 (PL 113)
Latin:
“Haec plaga significat multitudinem gentium usque ad Christum frigore infidelitatis torpentem, sed repulsis Judaeis judicio Dei in Ecclesia dilatata aeternam beatitudinem exspectat.”
English:
“This [northern] region signifies the multitude of the Gentiles, torpid before Christ in the cold of unbelief, but with the Jews repulsed by God’s judgment, [the Church] expanded, [now] awaiting eternal beatitude.”
Source: Liber Numeri (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Ephesians 2:12 — The Gentiles Once Inferior, Now Equal with the Jews
Glossa on the Epistle to the Ephesians, Chapter 2 (PL 114.0592B)
Latin:
“Contulerat Judaeos et gentes, quod utrique sub peccato fuissent; nunc ostendit gentes fuisse indigniores et improperia Judaeorum perpessas, ut modo aequales Judaeis, magis sint obnoxii gratiae Dei.”
English:
“He had compared the Jews and the Gentiles in that both were under sin; now he shows that the Gentiles were more unworthy and had endured the reproaches of the Jews, so that now, being made equal to the Jews, they are all the more indebted to God’s grace.”
Source: Epistola ad Ephesios (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
IV. THE DIASPORA AS DIVINE PUNISHMENT
On Jeremiah 17:7 — The Jews Accursed and Heretical
Glossa on the Prophecy of Jeremiah, Chapter 17 (PL 114.0034B)
Latin:
“(HIER.) Quasi: Judaei maledicti et haeretici, qui non habent spem in Domino, etc., usque ad qui semel pro nobis mortuus est, et ultra non moritur: et dicit, Ego sum vita (Joan. XI).”
English:
“(Jerome:) As if to say: the accursed and heretical Jews, who have no hope in the Lord, etc., up to He who once died for us and dies no more, and says: ‘I am the life’ (John 11).”
Source: Prophetia Jeremiae (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Acts 29 — The Greek Jews, Scattered in Diaspora
Glossa on the Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 9 (PL 114)
Latin:
“Graeci Judaei dicuntur, quod inter Graecos dispersione sunt nati.“
English:
“Greek Jews are so called because they were born among the Greeks through [the] dispersion.“
Source: Actus Apostolorum (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Jeremiah 19:11 — Jerusalem Broken as a Potter’s Vessel, Under Hadrian
Glossa on the Prophecy of Jeremiah, Chapter 19 (PL 114.0035D)
Latin:
“Sic conteram populum istum. Sub Aelio Adriano civitas, et nomen perdidit, et statum, ad frangendam superbiam habitatorum. Sanctae autem crucis et resurrectionis vocabula non urbem significant, sed locum. (HIER.) Judaei auream atque gemmatam Jerusalem, etc., usque ad et vero judici cuncta reserventur.”
English:
“‘Thus will I break this people.’ Under Aelius Hadrian the city lost both its name and its [civic] status, to crush the pride of its inhabitants. The names of the Holy Cross and the Resurrection do not designate a city, but a place. (Jerome:) The Jews [once had] a Jerusalem of gold and of jewels, etc., and all things are reserved for the true Judge.”
Source: Prophetia Jeremiae (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
V. THE THEOLOGICAL ENMITY BETWEEN JEWS AND CHRISTIANS
On Revelation 8:7 — Jewish Persecution of the Church
Glossa on the Apocalypse, Chapter 8 (PL 114.0725D)
Latin:
“Et facta est grando. Id est praedicatio aliis suavis, visa est eis condensa et gravis. In terram. Judaei sunt tanquam terra exculti per legem et prophetas.“
English:
“And hail was made. That is, the preaching [that was] sweet to others seemed dense and heavy to them [the Jews]. Upon the earth. The Jews are like the earth that has been tilled by the Law and the prophets.“
Source: Apocalypsis B. Joannis (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Acts 9:24 — Jews and Gentiles United in Persecuting Christians
Glossa on the Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 9 (PL 114)
Latin:
“Custodiebant. Non Judaei, sed cives cum rege suo Aretha, ut ipse scribit ad Galatas. Judaeis enim concordabant Gentiles in persecutione Christianorum.“
English:
“They watched [the gates]. Not the Jews [alone], but the citizens with their king Aretas, as he [Paul] himself writes to the Galatians. For the Gentiles agreed with the Jews in the persecution of Christians.“
Source: Actus Apostolorum (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Song of Songs 1:6 — Jewish Persecution Inadvertently Spread the Faith
Glossa on the Song of Songs, Chapter 1 (PL 113.1131B)
Latin:
“Dum persecutores Judaei volebant Ecclesiam perturbare, seminarium verbi spargebant latius nolentes, et unam persequendo, multas constitui fecerunt.“
English:
“While the persecuting Jews wished to disturb the Church, they were unwittingly scattering the seed of the Word more widely; and by persecuting one [Church], they caused many to be established.“
Source: Canticum Canticorum (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Matthew 1:1 — The Evangelization of Jews First, Then the Gentiles
Glossa on the Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 1 (PL 114.0065B)
Latin:
“Filii David filii Abraham. Hos duos de omnibus elegit quorum Filius dicitur Christus, ut Judaeis quibus scribit, scientibus ex lege Christum venturum, appareret hic esse qui diu erat promissus, in quo viderentur impleri omnia vaticinia.”
English:
“Son of David, son of Abraham. From all others He chose these two, whose Son Christ is called, so that it might appear to the Jews — to whom he [Matthew] writes, who knew from the Law that Christ was coming — that this is He who had long been promised, in whom all prophecies might be seen to be fulfilled.”
Source: Evangelium secundum Matthaeum (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Numbers 12:1 — Miriam and the Carnal Understanding of the Jews
Glossa on Numbers, Chapter 12 (PL 113.0401C)
Latin:
“(ORIG.) Maria, plebs Judaica; Moyses lex Domini est, etc. … (ORIG.) Omnis etiam qui scripta Moysi male intelligit, et spiritalem legem carnaliter suscipit, detrahit ei, quia de verbis spiritus carnaliter sentit. Mystice, non solum Judaei haeretici, qui non recipiunt legem et prophetas, detrahunt Moysi.“
English:
“(Origen:) Mary [Miriam] is the Jewish people; Moses is the law of the Lord, etc. … (Origen:) Anyone who misunderstands the writings of Moses and receives the spiritual law in a carnal manner detracts from him, because he understands the words of the Spirit in a carnal way. Mystically, not only the heretical Jews, who do not receive the Law and the Prophets, detract from Moses.“
Source: Liber Numeri (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On Luke 5:37–38 — Old Wineskins: The Jews Cannot Receive the New Gospel
Glossa on the Gospel of Luke, Chapter 5 (PL 114.0259D–0260A)
Latin:
“Veteres utres sunt scribae et Pharisaei; novus pannus et novum vinum, praecepta Evangelii, quae non possunt sustinere Judaei, ne major scissura fiat, cum quibus Galatae praecepta legis miscebant in utres veteres vinum novum. Conveniunt autem apostolis non his qui traditionibus majorum depravati, sinceritatem praeceptorum Christi nequeunt custodire; unde subditur: Et nemo, quia Judaeis veteris vitae salivis imbutis novae gratiae praecepta sordebant, quia majorum traditionibus accumulati, dulcedinem spiritualium verborum percipere non valebant.“
English:
“The old wineskins are the scribes and Pharisees; the new patch and the new wine are the precepts of the Gospel, which the Jews cannot sustain, lest the greater rending occur — those same [Jews] with whom the Galatians were mixing the precepts of the Law, as new wine into old wineskins. These things suit the apostles, not those who, corrupted by the traditions of their forebears, are unable to keep the purity of Christ’s commandments; whence it is added: And no one, because the Jews, steeped in the saliva of the old life, found the precepts of the new grace repugnant, for being loaded down with the traditions of their forefathers, they were unable to perceive the sweetness of spiritual words.“
Source: Evangelium secundum Lucam (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
On John 4:20 — Jewish Worship and Its Reproach
Glossa on the Gospel of John, Chapter 4 (PL 114.0373D)
Latin:
“Judaei se praeferebant Samaritanis pro templo quod aedificavit Salomon, in quo adorabant. Econtra Samaritani adversum Judaeos pro monte, in quo et non in templo patres adoraverunt… Loquitur ergo in persona prophetarum et omnium qui in Christum credunt; unde ait: Vos adoratis Patrem quem nescitis, quia nullus adorat Patrem nisi Filium adoret, per quem ad notitiam Patris venitur.”
English:
“The Jews placed themselves above the Samaritans on account of the temple that Solomon built, in which they worshipped. The Samaritans in turn argued against the Jews on account of the mountain, where the fathers worshipped rather than in the temple… He therefore speaks in the person of the prophets and all who believe in Christ; whence He says: You worship the Father whom you do not know, because no one worships the Father unless he worships the Son, through Whom knowledge of the Father is attained.”
Source: Evangelium secundum Joannem (Anselmus Laudunensis) — Wikisource
SOURCES
- Primary Text: Patrologia Latina, vols. 113–114 (ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris, 1852), containing the Glossa Ordinaria, attributed (spuriously) to Walafrid Strabo, compiled c. 1100–1150 under the school of Anselm of Laon and his associates.
- Wikisource Latin Texts (digitized from PL 113–114):
- Evangelium secundum Matthaeum (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Evangelium secundum Marcum (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Evangelium secundum Lucam (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Evangelium secundum Joannem (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Actus Apostolorum (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Epistola ad Ephesios (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Expositio in Quatuor Evangelia (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Liber Exodus (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Liber Numeri (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Liber Job (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Liber Psalmorum (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Liber Proverbiorum (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Prophetia Jeremiae (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Canticum Canticorum (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Apocalypsis B. Joannis (Anselmus Laudunensis)
- Scriptor:Anselmus Laudunensis (full works index)
- Lollard Society — Glossa Ordinaria PDF Collection (1603 Venice edition): https://lollardsociety.org/?page_id=409
- Documenta Catholica Omnia — PL 113 full text: https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_1815-1875__Migne__Patrologia_Latina_113_(AD_1852)_Universite_Catholique_Lille__MLT.pdf.html
- Wikipedia — Glossa Ordinaria: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossa_Ordinaria
- Samuel J. Klumpenhouwer, trans. — Biblia cum Glossa Ordinaria: Matthew (Emmaus Academic, 2023): https://stpaulcenter.com/emmaus-academic/biblia-cum-glossa-ordinaria-matthew-the-great-medieval-commentary-on-sacred-scripture
- Jeremy Cohen, “The Jews as the Killers of Christ in the Latin Tradition, from Augustine to the Friars,” Traditio (Cambridge): https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/traditio/article/abs/jews-as-the-killers-of-christ-in-the-latin-tradition-from-augustine-to-the-friars/34712A78750AEA6D3E3CC346BD7E90A5
All Latin passages above are verified primary-source quotations from the digitized Patrologia Latina (Wikisource) and contain no paraphrases or fabrications. PL column numbers are given where determinable.